Factory method pattern
The factory method pattern is an object-oriented design pattern to implement the concept of factories.
Like other creational patterns, it deals with the problem of creating objects (products) without specifying the exact class of object that will be created. The factory method design pattern handles this problem by defining a separate method for creating the objects, which subclasses can then override to specify the derived type of product that will be created. More generally, the term factory method is often used to refer to any method whose main purpose is creation of objects
DefinitionThe essence of the Factory Pattern is to "Define an interface for creating an object, but let the subclasses decide which class to instantiate. The Factory method lets a class defer instantiation to subclasses
Benefits and variantsAlthough the motivation behind the factory method pattern is to allow subclasses to choose which type of object to create, there are other benefits to using factory methods, many of which do not depend on subclassing. Therefore, it is common to define "factory methods" that are not polymorphic to create objects in order to gain these other benefits. Such methods are often static.
Descriptive names
A factory method has a distinct name. In many object-oriented languages, constructors must have the same name as the class they are in, which can lead to ambiguity if there is more than one way to create an object (see overloading). Factory methods have no such constraint and can have descriptive names. As an example, when complex numbers are created from two real numbers the real numbers can be interpreted as Cartesian or polar coordinates, but using factory methods, the meaning is clear (the following examples are in Java):
class Complex
{
public static Complex fromCartesian(double real, double imag) {
return new Complex(real, imag);
}
public static Complex fromPolar(double modulus, double angle) {
return new Complex(modulus * cos(angle), modulus * sin(angle));
}
private Complex(double a, double b) {
//...
}
}
Complex c = Complex.fromPolar(1, pi); // Same as fromCartesian(-1, 0)
When factory methods are used for disambiguation like this, the constructor is often made private to force clients to use the factory methods.
Encapsulation
Factory methods encapsulate the creation of objects. This can be useful if the creation process is very complex, for example if it depends on settings in configuration files or on user input.
Consider as an example a program to read image files and make thumbnails out of them. The program supports different image formats, represented by a reader class for each format:
public interface ImageReader {
public DecodedImage getDecodedImage();
}
public class GifReader implements ImageReader {
public DecodedImage getDecodedImage() {
return decodedImage;
}
}
public class JpegReader implements ImageReader {
// ....
}
Each time the program reads an image it needs to create a reader of the appropriate type based on some information in the file. This logic can be encapsulated in a factory method:
public class ImageReaderFactory {
public static ImageReader getImageReader(InputStream is) {
int imageType = determineImageType(is);
switch(imageType) {
case ImageReaderFactory.GIF:
return new GifReader(is);
case ImageReaderFactory.JPEG:
return new JpegReader(is);
// etc.
}
}
}
The code fragment in the previous example uses a switch statement to associate an imageType with a specific factory object. Alternatively, this association could also be implemented as a mapping. This would allow the switch statement to be replaced with an associative array lookup.
Limitations
There are three limitations associated with the use of the factory method. The first relates to refactoring existing code; the other two relate to inheritance.
The first limitation is that refactoring an existing class to use factories breaks existing clients. For example, if class Complex was a standard class, it might have numerous clients with code like:
Complex c = new Complex(-1, 0);
Once we realize that two different factories are needed, we change the class (to the code shown earlier). But since the constructor is now private, the existing client code no longer compiles.
The second limitation is that, since the pattern relies on using a private constructor, the class cannot be extended. Any subclass must invoke the inherited constructor, but this cannot be done if that constructor is private.
The third limitation is that, if we do extend the class (e.g., by making the constructor protected -- this is risky but possible), the subclass must provide its own re-implementation of all factory methods with exactly the same signatures. For example, if class StrangeComplex extends Complex, then unless StrangeComplex provides its own version of all factory methods, the call StrangeComplex.fromPolar(1, pi) will yield an instance of Complex (the superclass) rather than the expected instance of the subclass.
All three problems could be alleviated by altering the underlying programming language to make factories first-class class members
Example
C#
public interface IPizza
{
decimal Price { get; }
}
public class HamAndMushroomPizza : IPizza
{
decimal IPizza.Price
{
get
{
return 8.5m;
}
}
}
public class DeluxePizza : IPizza
{
decimal IPizza.Price
{
get
{
return 10.5m;
}
}
}
public class HawaiianPizza : IPizza
{
decimal IPizza.Price
{
get
{
return 11.5m;
}
}
}
public class PizzaFactory
{
public enum PizzaType
{
HamMushroom,
Deluxe,
Hawaiian
}
public static IPizza CreatePizza(PizzaType pizzaType)
{
IPizza ret = null;
switch (pizzaType)
{
case PizzaType.HamMushroom:
ret = new HamAndMushroomPizza();
break;
case PizzaType.Deluxe:
ret = new DeluxePizza();
break;
case PizzaType.Hawaiian:
ret = new HawaiianPizza();
break;
default:
throw new ArgumentException("The pizza type " + pizzaType + " is not recognized.");
}
return ret;
}
}
public class PizzaLover
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Dictionary<PizzaFactory.PizzaType, IPizza> pizzas = new Dictionary<PizzaFactory.PizzaType, IPizza>();
foreach (PizzaFactory.PizzaType pizzaType in Enum.GetValues(typeof(PizzaFactory.PizzaType)))
{
pizzas.Add(pizzaType, PizzaFactory.CreatePizza(pizzaType));
}
foreach (PizzaFactory.PizzaType pizzaType in pizzas.Keys)
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Price of {0} is {1}", pizzaType, pizzas[pizzaType].Price);
}
}
}
Output:
Price of HamMushroom is 8.5
Price of Deluxe is 10.5
Price of Hawaiian is 11.5
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